Glucosamine is a naturally occurring compound within the cartilage of joints, it is made from chains of sugars and proteins bound together. Glucosamine is derived from shellfish that has been found to provide relief from minor pain. This naturally derived compound helps in the formation of cartilage and synovial fluid which helps in maintaining joint health. Glucosamine is primarily used to ease symptoms of osteoarthritis; it can be taken by natural food supplements such as bone broth or glucosamine supplements available in the market in numerous formulations. Apart from its therapeutic use glucosamine is also used in cosmetic products, as it supports the formation of connective tissue and helps increase moisture and promotes exfoliation and hydration. These fundamental properties of glucosamine have encouraged the manufacturers to introduce new products and thus leading to the overall growth of glucosamine market.
This report elaborates the market size, market characteristics, and market growth of the Glucosamine industry, and breaks down according to the type, application, and consumption area of Glucosamine. The report also conducted a PESTEL analysis of the industry to study the main influencing factors and entry barriers of the industry.

In Chapter 3.4 of the report, the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the industry was fully assessed. Fully risk assessment and industry recommendations were made for Glucosamine in a special period. This chapter also compares the markets of Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19.
In addition, chapters 8-12 consider the impact of COVID-19 on the regional economy.

Key players in the global Glucosamine market covered in Chapter 13:
Panvo Organics Pvt. Ltd.
Foodchem International Corporation
Health World Ltd.
NOW Health Group, Inc.
Ethical Naturals, Inc.
Nutralife Health Products Inc.
Zhejiang Aoxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Mylan N.V.
T.C. Union Group Ltd.
Glanbia plc.
Blackmores Ltd.
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Golden Shell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Koyo Chemical Co., Ltd.
Schiff Nutrition International Inc.
FabriChem, Inc.

In Chapter 6, on the basis of types, the Glucosamine market from 2015 to 2025 is primarily split into:
Glucosamine Hydrochloride
Glucosamine Sulfate
N-acety-D-glucosamine

In Chapter 7, on the basis of applications, the Glucosamine market from 2015 to 2025 covers:
Food & Beverages
Nutritional Supplements
Dairy Products
Other Applications

Geographically, the detailed analysis of production, trade of the following countries is covered in Chapter 4.2, 5:
United States
Europe
China
Japan
India

Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate of the following regions are covered in Chapter 8, 9, 10, 11, 12:
North America (Covered in Chapter 8)
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe (Covered in Chapter 9)
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Spain
Others
Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 10)
China
Japan
India
South Korea
Southeast Asia
Others
Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 11)
Saudi Arabia
UAE
South Africa
Others
South America (Covered in Chapter 12)
Brazil
Others

Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2015-2019
Base Year: 2019
Estimated Year: 2020
Forecast Period: 2020-2025

Table of Content

1 Glucosamine Market - Research Scope
1.1 Study Goals
1.2 Market Definition and Scope
1.3 Key Market Segments
1.4 Study and Forecasting Years

2 Glucosamine Market - Research Methodology
2.1 Methodology
2.2 Research Data Source
2.2.1 Secondary Data
2.2.2 Primary Data
2.2.3 Market Size Estimation
2.2.4 Legal Disclaimer

3 Glucosamine Market Forces
3.1 Global Glucosamine Market Size
3.2 Top Impacting Factors (PESTEL Analysis)
3.2.1 Political Factors
3.2.2 Economic Factors
3.2.3 Social Factors
3.2.4 Technological Factors
3.2.5 Environmental Factors
3.2.6 Legal Factors
3.3 Industry Trend Analysis
3.4 Industry Trends Under COVID-19
3.4.1 Risk Assessment on COVID-19
3.4.2 Assessment of the Overall Impact of COVID-19 on the Industry
3.4.3 Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19 Market Scenario
3.5 Industry Risk Assessment

4 Glucosamine Market - By Geography
4.1 Global Glucosamine Market Value and Market Share by Regions
4.1.1 Global Glucosamine Value ($) by Region (2015-2020)
4.1.2 Global Glucosamine Value Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
4.2 Global Glucosamine Market Production and Market Share by Major Countries
4.2.1 Global Glucosamine Production by Major Countries (2015-2020)
4.2.2 Global Glucosamine Production Market Share by Major Countries (2015-2020)
4.3 Global Glucosamine Market Consumption and Market Share by Regions
4.3.1 Global Glucosamine Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)
4.3.2 Global Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

5 Glucosamine Market - By Trade Statistics
5.1 Global Glucosamine Export and Import
5.2 United States Glucosamine Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.3 Europe Glucosamine Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.4 China Glucosamine Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.5 Japan Glucosamine Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.6 India Glucosamine Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.7 ...

6 Glucosamine Market - By Type
6.1 Global Glucosamine Production and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.1 Global Glucosamine Production by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.2 Global Glucosamine Production Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.2 Global Glucosamine Value and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.2.1 Global Glucosamine Value by Types (2015-2020)
6.2.2 Global Glucosamine Value Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.3 Global Glucosamine Production, Price and Growth Rate of Glucosamine Hydrochloride (2015-2020)
6.4 Global Glucosamine Production, Price and Growth Rate of Glucosamine Sulfate (2015-2020)
6.5 Global Glucosamine Production, Price and Growth Rate of N-acety-D-glucosamine (2015-2020)

7 Glucosamine Market - By Application
7.1 Global Glucosamine Consumption and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.1 Global Glucosamine Consumption by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.2 Global Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.2 Global Glucosamine Consumption and Growth Rate of Food & Beverages (2015-2020)
7.3 Global Glucosamine Consumption and Growth Rate of Nutritional Supplements (2015-2020)
7.4 Global Glucosamine Consumption and Growth Rate of Dairy Products (2015-2020)
7.5 Global Glucosamine Consumption and Growth Rate of Other Applications (2015-2020)

8 North America Glucosamine Market
8.1 North America Glucosamine Market Size
8.2 United States Glucosamine Market Size
8.3 Canada Glucosamine Market Size
8.4 Mexico Glucosamine Market Size
8.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market

9 Europe Glucosamine Market Analysis
9.1 Europe Glucosamine Market Size
9.2 Germany Glucosamine Market Size
9.3 United Kingdom Glucosamine Market Size
9.4 France Glucosamine Market Size
9.5 Italy Glucosamine Market Size
9.6 Spain Glucosamine Market Size
9.7 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market

10 Asia-Pacific Glucosamine Market Analysis
10.1 Asia-Pacific Glucosamine Market Size
10.2 China Glucosamine Market Size
10.3 Japan Glucosamine Market Size
10.4 South Korea Glucosamine Market Size
10.5 Southeast Asia Glucosamine Market Size
10.6 India Glucosamine Market Size
10.7 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market

11 Middle East and Africa Glucosamine Market Analysis
11.1 Middle East and Africa Glucosamine Market Size
11.2 Saudi Arabia Glucosamine Market Size
11.3 UAE Glucosamine Market Size
11.4 South Africa Glucosamine Market Size
11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market

12 South America Glucosamine Market Analysis
12.1 South America Glucosamine Market Size
12.2 Brazil Glucosamine Market Size
12.3 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market

13 Company Profiles
13.1 Panvo Organics Pvt. Ltd.
13.1.1 Panvo Organics Pvt. Ltd. Basic Information
13.1.2 Panvo Organics Pvt. Ltd. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.1.3 Panvo Organics Pvt. Ltd. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.2 Foodchem International Corporation
13.2.1 Foodchem International Corporation Basic Information
13.2.2 Foodchem International Corporation Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.2.3 Foodchem International Corporation Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.3 Health World Ltd.
13.3.1 Health World Ltd. Basic Information
13.3.2 Health World Ltd. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.3.3 Health World Ltd. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.4 NOW Health Group, Inc.
13.4.1 NOW Health Group, Inc. Basic Information
13.4.2 NOW Health Group, Inc. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.4.3 NOW Health Group, Inc. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.5 Ethical Naturals, Inc.
13.5.1 Ethical Naturals, Inc. Basic Information
13.5.2 Ethical Naturals, Inc. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.5.3 Ethical Naturals, Inc. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.6 Nutralife Health Products Inc.
13.6.1 Nutralife Health Products Inc. Basic Information
13.6.2 Nutralife Health Products Inc. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.6.3 Nutralife Health Products Inc. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.7 Zhejiang Aoxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
13.7.1 Zhejiang Aoxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Basic Information
13.7.2 Zhejiang Aoxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.7.3 Zhejiang Aoxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.8 Mylan N.V.
13.8.1 Mylan N.V. Basic Information
13.8.2 Mylan N.V. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.8.3 Mylan N.V. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.9 T.C. Union Group Ltd.
13.9.1 T.C. Union Group Ltd. Basic Information
13.9.2 T.C. Union Group Ltd. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.9.3 T.C. Union Group Ltd. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.10 Glanbia plc.
13.10.1 Glanbia plc. Basic Information
13.10.2 Glanbia plc. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.10.3 Glanbia plc. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.11 Blackmores Ltd.
13.11.1 Blackmores Ltd. Basic Information
13.11.2 Blackmores Ltd. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.11.3 Blackmores Ltd. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.12 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
13.12.1 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Basic Information
13.12.2 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.12.3 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.13 Golden Shell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
13.13.1 Golden Shell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Basic Information
13.13.2 Golden Shell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.13.3 Golden Shell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.14 Koyo Chemical Co., Ltd.
13.14.1 Koyo Chemical Co., Ltd. Basic Information
13.14.2 Koyo Chemical Co., Ltd. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.14.3 Koyo Chemical Co., Ltd. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.15 Schiff Nutrition International Inc.
13.15.1 Schiff Nutrition International Inc. Basic Information
13.15.2 Schiff Nutrition International Inc. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.15.3 Schiff Nutrition International Inc. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.16 FabriChem, Inc.
13.16.1 FabriChem, Inc. Basic Information
13.16.2 FabriChem, Inc. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.16.3 FabriChem, Inc. Glucosamine Market Performance (2015-2020)

14 Market Forecast - By Regions
14.1 North America Glucosamine Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.2 Europe Glucosamine Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.3 Asia-Pacific Glucosamine Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.4 Middle East and Africa Glucosamine Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.5 South America Glucosamine Market Forecast (2020-2025)

15 Market Forecast - By Type and Applications
15.1 Global Glucosamine Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025)
15.1.1 Global Glucosamine Market Forecast Production and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
15.1.2 Global Glucosamine Market Forecast Value and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
15.2 Global Glucosamine Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Glucosamine Picture
Table Glucosamine Key Market Segments
Figure Study and Forecasting Years
Figure Global Glucosamine Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025
Figure Industry PESTEL Analysis
Figure Global COVID-19 Status
Figure Market Size Forecast Comparison of Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19
Figure Global Glucosamine Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Value ($) by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Value Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glucosamine Value Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure Global Glucosamine Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Production by Major Countries (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Production Market Share by Major Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glucosamine Production Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure Global Glucosamine Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global Glucosamine Export Top 3 Country 2019
Table Global Glucosamine Import Top 3 Country 2019
Table United States Glucosamine Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table Europe Glucosamine Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table China Glucosamine Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table Japan Glucosamine Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table India Glucosamine Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Production by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Production Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glucosamine Production Share by Type (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Value by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Value Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glucosamine Value Share by Type (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glucosamine Hydrochloride Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glucosamine Hydrochloride Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glucosamine Sulfate Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glucosamine Sulfate Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global N-acety-D-glucosamine Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global N-acety-D-glucosamine Price (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Consumption by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Figure Global Glucosamine Consumption Share by Application (2015-2020)
Figure Global Food & Beverages Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Nutritional Supplements Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Dairy Products Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Other Applications Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table North America Glucosamine Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table North America Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure North America Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure United States Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Canada Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Mexico Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America COVID-19 Status
Figure Europe Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Europe Glucosamine Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Europe Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Germany Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure United Kingdom Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure France Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Italy Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Spain Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe COVID-19 Status
Figure Asia-Pacific Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific Glucosamine Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure China Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Japan Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Korea Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Southeast Asia Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure India Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status
Figure Middle East and Africa Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Middle East and Africa Glucosamine Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Middle East and Africa Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Saudi Arabia Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure UAE Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Africa Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table South America Glucosamine Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table South America Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure South America Glucosamine Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Brazil Glucosamine Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Panvo Organics Pvt. Ltd. Company Profile
Table Panvo Organics Pvt. Ltd. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Panvo Organics Pvt. Ltd. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Panvo Organics Pvt. Ltd. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Foodchem International Corporation Company Profile
Table Foodchem International Corporation Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Foodchem International Corporation Production and Growth Rate
Figure Foodchem International Corporation Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Health World Ltd. Company Profile
Table Health World Ltd. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Health World Ltd. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Health World Ltd. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table NOW Health Group, Inc. Company Profile
Table NOW Health Group, Inc. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure NOW Health Group, Inc. Production and Growth Rate
Figure NOW Health Group, Inc. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Ethical Naturals, Inc. Company Profile
Table Ethical Naturals, Inc. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Ethical Naturals, Inc. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Ethical Naturals, Inc. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Nutralife Health Products Inc. Company Profile
Table Nutralife Health Products Inc. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Nutralife Health Products Inc. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Nutralife Health Products Inc. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Zhejiang Aoxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Company Profile
Table Zhejiang Aoxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Zhejiang Aoxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Zhejiang Aoxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Mylan N.V. Company Profile
Table Mylan N.V. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Mylan N.V. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Mylan N.V. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table T.C. Union Group Ltd. Company Profile
Table T.C. Union Group Ltd. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure T.C. Union Group Ltd. Production and Growth Rate
Figure T.C. Union Group Ltd. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Glanbia plc. Company Profile
Table Glanbia plc. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Glanbia plc. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Glanbia plc. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Blackmores Ltd. Company Profile
Table Blackmores Ltd. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Blackmores Ltd. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Blackmores Ltd. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Company Profile
Table Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Golden Shell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Company Profile
Table Golden Shell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Golden Shell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Golden Shell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Koyo Chemical Co., Ltd. Company Profile
Table Koyo Chemical Co., Ltd. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Koyo Chemical Co., Ltd. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Koyo Chemical Co., Ltd. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Schiff Nutrition International Inc. Company Profile
Table Schiff Nutrition International Inc. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Schiff Nutrition International Inc. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Schiff Nutrition International Inc. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table FabriChem, Inc. Company Profile
Table FabriChem, Inc. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure FabriChem, Inc. Production and Growth Rate
Figure FabriChem, Inc. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Figure North America Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Europe Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Middle East and Africa Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure South America Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Table Global Glucosamine Market Forecast Production by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Glucosamine Market Forecast Production Share by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Glucosamine Market Forecast Value ($) by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Glucosamine Market Forecast Value Share by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Glucosamine Market Forecast Consumption by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Glucosamine Market Forecast Consumption Share by Applications (2020-2025)