This report elaborates the market size, market characteristics, and market growth of the Heavy Machinery industry, and breaks down according to the type, application, and consumption area of Heavy Machinery. The report also conducted a PESTEL analysis of the industry to study the main influencing factors and entry barriers of the industry.

In Chapter 3.4 of the report, the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the industry was fully assessed. Fully risk assessment and industry recommendations were made for Heavy Machinery in a special period. This chapter also compares the markets of Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19.
In addition, chapters 8-12 consider the impact of COVID-19 on the regional economy.

Key players in the global Heavy Machinery market covered in Chapter 13:
KAMAZ
Foton
Paccar
FAW
MAN Group
Rosenbauer
DAYUN
Scania
Hino
SINOTRUK
Dongfeng
Saic-Iveco Hongyan
JAC
IVECO
Volvo
Isuzu
CAMC
Daimler Trucks
Oshkosh
Shacman
Navistar
BeiBen Trucks

In Chapter 6, on the basis of types, the Heavy Machinery market from 2015 to 2025 is primarily split into:
Complete Vehicle
Incomplete Vehicle (Chassis)
Semitrailer Tractor

In Chapter 7, on the basis of applications, the Heavy Machinery market from 2015 to 2025 covers:
Firefighting
Construction
Forestry
Agriculture
Military
Other

Geographically, the detailed analysis of production, trade of the following countries is covered in Chapter 4.2, 5:
United States
Europe
China
Japan
India

Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate of the following regions are covered in Chapter 8, 9, 10, 11, 12:
North America (Covered in Chapter 8)
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe (Covered in Chapter 9)
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Spain
Others
Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 10)
China
Japan
India
South Korea
Southeast Asia
Others
Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 11)
Saudi Arabia
UAE
South Africa
Others
South America (Covered in Chapter 12)
Brazil
Others

Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2015-2019
Base Year: 2019
Estimated Year: 2020
Forecast Period: 2020-2025

Table of Content

1 Heavy Machinery Market - Research Scope
1.1 Study Goals
1.2 Market Definition and Scope
1.3 Key Market Segments
1.4 Study and Forecasting Years

2 Heavy Machinery Market - Research Methodology
2.1 Methodology
2.2 Research Data Source
2.2.1 Secondary Data
2.2.2 Primary Data
2.2.3 Market Size Estimation
2.2.4 Legal Disclaimer

3 Heavy Machinery Market Forces
3.1 Global Heavy Machinery Market Size
3.2 Top Impacting Factors (PESTEL Analysis)
3.2.1 Political Factors
3.2.2 Economic Factors
3.2.3 Social Factors
3.2.4 Technological Factors
3.2.5 Environmental Factors
3.2.6 Legal Factors
3.3 Industry Trend Analysis
3.4 Industry Trends Under COVID-19
3.4.1 Risk Assessment on COVID-19
3.4.2 Assessment of the Overall Impact of COVID-19 on the Industry
3.4.3 Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19 Market Scenario
3.5 Industry Risk Assessment

4 Heavy Machinery Market - By Geography
4.1 Global Heavy Machinery Market Value and Market Share by Regions
4.1.1 Global Heavy Machinery Value ($) by Region (2015-2020)
4.1.2 Global Heavy Machinery Value Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
4.2 Global Heavy Machinery Market Production and Market Share by Major Countries
4.2.1 Global Heavy Machinery Production by Major Countries (2015-2020)
4.2.2 Global Heavy Machinery Production Market Share by Major Countries (2015-2020)
4.3 Global Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Market Share by Regions
4.3.1 Global Heavy Machinery Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)
4.3.2 Global Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

5 Heavy Machinery Market - By Trade Statistics
5.1 Global Heavy Machinery Export and Import
5.2 United States Heavy Machinery Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.3 Europe Heavy Machinery Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.4 China Heavy Machinery Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.5 Japan Heavy Machinery Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.6 India Heavy Machinery Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.7 ...

6 Heavy Machinery Market - By Type
6.1 Global Heavy Machinery Production and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.1 Global Heavy Machinery Production by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.2 Global Heavy Machinery Production Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.2 Global Heavy Machinery Value and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.2.1 Global Heavy Machinery Value by Types (2015-2020)
6.2.2 Global Heavy Machinery Value Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.3 Global Heavy Machinery Production, Price and Growth Rate of Complete Vehicle (2015-2020)
6.4 Global Heavy Machinery Production, Price and Growth Rate of Incomplete Vehicle (Chassis) (2015-2020)
6.5 Global Heavy Machinery Production, Price and Growth Rate of Semitrailer Tractor (2015-2020)

7 Heavy Machinery Market - By Application
7.1 Global Heavy Machinery Consumption and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.1 Global Heavy Machinery Consumption by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.2 Global Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.2 Global Heavy Machinery Consumption and Growth Rate of Firefighting (2015-2020)
7.3 Global Heavy Machinery Consumption and Growth Rate of Construction (2015-2020)
7.4 Global Heavy Machinery Consumption and Growth Rate of Forestry (2015-2020)
7.5 Global Heavy Machinery Consumption and Growth Rate of Agriculture (2015-2020)
7.6 Global Heavy Machinery Consumption and Growth Rate of Military (2015-2020)
7.7 Global Heavy Machinery Consumption and Growth Rate of Other (2015-2020)

8 North America Heavy Machinery Market
8.1 North America Heavy Machinery Market Size
8.2 United States Heavy Machinery Market Size
8.3 Canada Heavy Machinery Market Size
8.4 Mexico Heavy Machinery Market Size
8.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market

9 Europe Heavy Machinery Market Analysis
9.1 Europe Heavy Machinery Market Size
9.2 Germany Heavy Machinery Market Size
9.3 United Kingdom Heavy Machinery Market Size
9.4 France Heavy Machinery Market Size
9.5 Italy Heavy Machinery Market Size
9.6 Spain Heavy Machinery Market Size
9.7 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market

10 Asia-Pacific Heavy Machinery Market Analysis
10.1 Asia-Pacific Heavy Machinery Market Size
10.2 China Heavy Machinery Market Size
10.3 Japan Heavy Machinery Market Size
10.4 South Korea Heavy Machinery Market Size
10.5 Southeast Asia Heavy Machinery Market Size
10.6 India Heavy Machinery Market Size
10.7 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market

11 Middle East and Africa Heavy Machinery Market Analysis
11.1 Middle East and Africa Heavy Machinery Market Size
11.2 Saudi Arabia Heavy Machinery Market Size
11.3 UAE Heavy Machinery Market Size
11.4 South Africa Heavy Machinery Market Size
11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market

12 South America Heavy Machinery Market Analysis
12.1 South America Heavy Machinery Market Size
12.2 Brazil Heavy Machinery Market Size
12.3 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market

13 Company Profiles
13.1 KAMAZ
13.1.1 KAMAZ Basic Information
13.1.2 KAMAZ Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.1.3 KAMAZ Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.2 Foton
13.2.1 Foton Basic Information
13.2.2 Foton Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.2.3 Foton Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.3 Paccar
13.3.1 Paccar Basic Information
13.3.2 Paccar Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.3.3 Paccar Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.4 FAW
13.4.1 FAW Basic Information
13.4.2 FAW Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.4.3 FAW Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.5 MAN Group
13.5.1 MAN Group Basic Information
13.5.2 MAN Group Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.5.3 MAN Group Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.6 Rosenbauer
13.6.1 Rosenbauer Basic Information
13.6.2 Rosenbauer Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.6.3 Rosenbauer Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.7 DAYUN
13.7.1 DAYUN Basic Information
13.7.2 DAYUN Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.7.3 DAYUN Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.8 Scania
13.8.1 Scania Basic Information
13.8.2 Scania Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.8.3 Scania Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.9 Hino
13.9.1 Hino Basic Information
13.9.2 Hino Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.9.3 Hino Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.10 SINOTRUK
13.10.1 SINOTRUK Basic Information
13.10.2 SINOTRUK Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.10.3 SINOTRUK Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.11 Dongfeng
13.11.1 Dongfeng Basic Information
13.11.2 Dongfeng Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.11.3 Dongfeng Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.12 Saic-Iveco Hongyan
13.12.1 Saic-Iveco Hongyan Basic Information
13.12.2 Saic-Iveco Hongyan Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.12.3 Saic-Iveco Hongyan Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.13 JAC
13.13.1 JAC Basic Information
13.13.2 JAC Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.13.3 JAC Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.14 IVECO
13.14.1 IVECO Basic Information
13.14.2 IVECO Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.14.3 IVECO Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.15 Volvo
13.15.1 Volvo Basic Information
13.15.2 Volvo Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.15.3 Volvo Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.16 Isuzu
13.16.1 Isuzu Basic Information
13.16.2 Isuzu Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.16.3 Isuzu Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.17 CAMC
13.17.1 CAMC Basic Information
13.17.2 CAMC Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.17.3 CAMC Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.18 Daimler Trucks
13.18.1 Daimler Trucks Basic Information
13.18.2 Daimler Trucks Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.18.3 Daimler Trucks Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.19 Oshkosh
13.19.1 Oshkosh Basic Information
13.19.2 Oshkosh Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.19.3 Oshkosh Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.20 Shacman
13.20.1 Shacman Basic Information
13.20.2 Shacman Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.20.3 Shacman Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.21 Navistar
13.21.1 Navistar Basic Information
13.21.2 Navistar Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.21.3 Navistar Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.22 BeiBen Trucks
13.22.1 BeiBen Trucks Basic Information
13.22.2 BeiBen Trucks Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.22.3 BeiBen Trucks Heavy Machinery Market Performance (2015-2020)

14 Market Forecast - By Regions
14.1 North America Heavy Machinery Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.2 Europe Heavy Machinery Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.3 Asia-Pacific Heavy Machinery Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.4 Middle East and Africa Heavy Machinery Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.5 South America Heavy Machinery Market Forecast (2020-2025)

15 Market Forecast - By Type and Applications
15.1 Global Heavy Machinery Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025)
15.1.1 Global Heavy Machinery Market Forecast Production and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
15.1.2 Global Heavy Machinery Market Forecast Value and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
15.2 Global Heavy Machinery Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Heavy Machinery Picture
Table Heavy Machinery Key Market Segments
Figure Study and Forecasting Years
Figure Global Heavy Machinery Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025
Figure Industry PESTEL Analysis
Figure Global COVID-19 Status
Figure Market Size Forecast Comparison of Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19
Figure Global Heavy Machinery Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Value ($) by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Value Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Heavy Machinery Value Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure Global Heavy Machinery Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Production by Major Countries (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Production Market Share by Major Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Global Heavy Machinery Production Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure Global Heavy Machinery Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global Heavy Machinery Export Top 3 Country 2019
Table Global Heavy Machinery Import Top 3 Country 2019
Table United States Heavy Machinery Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table Europe Heavy Machinery Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table China Heavy Machinery Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table Japan Heavy Machinery Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table India Heavy Machinery Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Production by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Production Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
Figure Global Heavy Machinery Production Share by Type (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Value by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Value Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
Figure Global Heavy Machinery Value Share by Type (2015-2020)
Figure Global Complete Vehicle Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Complete Vehicle Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Incomplete Vehicle (Chassis) Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Incomplete Vehicle (Chassis) Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Semitrailer Tractor Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Semitrailer Tractor Price (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Consumption by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Figure Global Heavy Machinery Consumption Share by Application (2015-2020)
Figure Global Firefighting Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Construction Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Forestry Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Agriculture Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Military Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Other Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table North America Heavy Machinery Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table North America Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure North America Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure United States Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Canada Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Mexico Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America COVID-19 Status
Figure Europe Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Europe Heavy Machinery Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Europe Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Europe Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Germany Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure United Kingdom Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure France Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Italy Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Spain Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe COVID-19 Status
Figure Asia-Pacific Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific Heavy Machinery Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure China Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Japan Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Korea Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Southeast Asia Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure India Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status
Figure Middle East and Africa Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Middle East and Africa Heavy Machinery Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Middle East and Africa Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Saudi Arabia Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure UAE Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Africa Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table South America Heavy Machinery Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table South America Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure South America Heavy Machinery Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Brazil Heavy Machinery Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table KAMAZ Company Profile
Table KAMAZ Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure KAMAZ Production and Growth Rate
Figure KAMAZ Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Foton Company Profile
Table Foton Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Foton Production and Growth Rate
Figure Foton Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Paccar Company Profile
Table Paccar Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Paccar Production and Growth Rate
Figure Paccar Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table FAW Company Profile
Table FAW Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure FAW Production and Growth Rate
Figure FAW Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table MAN Group Company Profile
Table MAN Group Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure MAN Group Production and Growth Rate
Figure MAN Group Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Rosenbauer Company Profile
Table Rosenbauer Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Rosenbauer Production and Growth Rate
Figure Rosenbauer Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table DAYUN Company Profile
Table DAYUN Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure DAYUN Production and Growth Rate
Figure DAYUN Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Scania Company Profile
Table Scania Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Scania Production and Growth Rate
Figure Scania Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Hino Company Profile
Table Hino Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Hino Production and Growth Rate
Figure Hino Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table SINOTRUK Company Profile
Table SINOTRUK Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure SINOTRUK Production and Growth Rate
Figure SINOTRUK Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Dongfeng Company Profile
Table Dongfeng Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Dongfeng Production and Growth Rate
Figure Dongfeng Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Saic-Iveco Hongyan Company Profile
Table Saic-Iveco Hongyan Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Saic-Iveco Hongyan Production and Growth Rate
Figure Saic-Iveco Hongyan Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table JAC Company Profile
Table JAC Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure JAC Production and Growth Rate
Figure JAC Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table IVECO Company Profile
Table IVECO Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure IVECO Production and Growth Rate
Figure IVECO Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Volvo Company Profile
Table Volvo Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Volvo Production and Growth Rate
Figure Volvo Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Isuzu Company Profile
Table Isuzu Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Isuzu Production and Growth Rate
Figure Isuzu Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table CAMC Company Profile
Table CAMC Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure CAMC Production and Growth Rate
Figure CAMC Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Daimler Trucks Company Profile
Table Daimler Trucks Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Daimler Trucks Production and Growth Rate
Figure Daimler Trucks Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Oshkosh Company Profile
Table Oshkosh Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Oshkosh Production and Growth Rate
Figure Oshkosh Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Shacman Company Profile
Table Shacman Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Shacman Production and Growth Rate
Figure Shacman Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Navistar Company Profile
Table Navistar Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Navistar Production and Growth Rate
Figure Navistar Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table BeiBen Trucks Company Profile
Table BeiBen Trucks Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure BeiBen Trucks Production and Growth Rate
Figure BeiBen Trucks Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Figure North America Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Europe Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Middle East and Africa Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure South America Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Market Forecast Production by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Market Forecast Production Share by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Market Forecast Value ($) by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Market Forecast Value Share by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Market Forecast Consumption by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global Heavy Machinery Market Forecast Consumption Share by Applications (2020-2025)